WEEK+2

Operating Systems

 * What is it? Where can you find one? What are the primary functions? How does it work smoothly?
 * Brief history of operating systems, know which operating systems made big technological advancements/changes in the industry

File Systems

 * What are they? How do they differ between operating systems?
 * Continuous, linked, and indexed allocation
 * Fragmentation - What is it? When does it occur?
 * Defragmentation - What is it?
 * File linking - What is it? Where in the computer does it happen? (shortcuts and links)

iSpace
= = =**Keywords**=
 * What is iSpace? (SSH vs SFTP)


 * Operating system (OS)**: A collection of system-level software that manages a computer's hardware resources and provides common services to computer programs running on the computer. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Programs and applications usually require an operating system to function. Operating systems can be found on almost any device that contains a computer, including cell phones, video game consoles, desktop and laptop computers, supercomputers, and Web servers. Some of the most popular operating systems in use today include Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, BSD, iOS, Android, and Windows Phone.@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system


 * Kernel**: The kernel of an operating system provides the most basic level of control over all of the computer's hardware devices. In combination with device drivers and the computer's firmware (essentially its built-in programming in ROM), the OS kernel manages access to RAM for programs and applications, determines which programs get access to which hardware resources, sets the operating state of the CPU(s) for optimal operation at all times, and organizes the data for long-term, non-volatile storage in file systems on disks, tapes, flash memory, and other media. @http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system


 * Microsoft Windows**://You should be able to look up / find a basic definition for each of these from our course materials and the Web as a whole. Focus on the differences between these three major desktop / server operating systems!//
 * Mac OS X**: //As above, find it for yourself!//
 * UNIX**: //And again, find a basic definition of this term yourself!//
 * Linux**: A UNIX-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. It was originally developed for Intel x86-based personal computers, but has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms than any other operating system. It is often used on servers (including Web servers), mainframe computers, and supercomputers, but it also runs on small, embedded systems such as cell phones, tablets, routers, TVs, and video game consoles. The Android mobile operating system is one of the most widespread uses of Linux in everyday technology. @http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux


 * BSD**: Originally referring to the version of UNIX known as the Berkeley Software Distribution (developed at the University of California, Berkeley), today "BSD" can refer to any of the descendants of this UNIX distribution. Together, they form a branch of the family of UNIX-like operating systems (which includes Linux). Operating systems derived from the original BSD code remain actively developed and widely used; along with the open source projects FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD, the core of Mac OS X is also based on BSD.@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD


 * Desktop**: A computer designed for personal desktop use in a single location. Usually comprises, at a minimum, a central processing unit (CPU), a monitor, and a keyboard as separate units, connected by special cables. @http://www.answers.com/topic/desktop-computer


 * Domain name server (DNS)**: A dedicated server or a service within a server that provides DNS name resolution in an IP network. It turns names for Web sites and network resources into numeric IP addresses. DNS servers are used in large companies, in all ISPs and within the DNS system in the Internet, a vital service that keeps the Internet working. @http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/DNS+server


 * File server**: A high-speed computer in a network that stores the programs and data files shared by users. It acts like a remote disk drive. The difference between a file server and an application server is that the file server stores the programs and data, while the application server runs the programs and processes the data. @http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/file+server


 * Server**: A computer system that provides services to other computing systems called **clients** over a network. The term server can refer to hardware, as in a specific machine that acts as a server, or the software that runs on the machine to provide such functionality, such as database or Web server software. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)


 * File Allocation Table (FAT)**: An area on a hard disk or floppy disk where information is stored about the physical location of each piece of every file on the disk and about the location of unusable areas of the disk. FAT is a partially patented file system developed by Microsoft for MS-DOS and is the primary file system for consumer versions of Microsoft Windows up to and including Windows Me. @http://www.answers.com/topic/file-allocation-table

@http://www.data-recovery-software.ca/data-recovery-software/resource/fat.htm


 * New Technology File System (NTFS)**: An optional file system for Windows NT and 2000 operating systems; the recommended file system in Windows XP; and the standard file system in Windows 2003, Vista, 7, and 8 (although FAT is still supported for some uses). NTFS has several technical improvements over FAT, such as improved support for metadata. It uses advanced data structures to improve performance, reliability, and disk space utilization, and features additional security and journaling extensions. @http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS


 * Virtual memory**: An imaginary memory area supported by some operating systems (for example, Windows but not DOS) in conjunction with the system hardware. Virtual memory serves as an alternate set of memory addresses. Programs use these virtual addresses rather than real addresses to store instructions and data. The virtual memory is divided into chunks called //pages//, which are stored on a disk until needed. @http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/virtual_memory.html

HTML and Web Servers

 * W3C** (World Wide Web Consortium): An international consortium of companies involved with the Internet and the Web. The W3C was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the original architect of the World Wide Web. The organization's purpose is to develop open standards so that the Web evolves in a single direction, rather than being splintered among competing factions. @http://www.answers.com/w3c


 * HTML** (HyperText Markup Language): A markup language used to structure text and multimedia documents, and to set up hypertext links between documents. Used extensively on the World Wide Web. @http://www.answers.com/topic/html


 * HTTP** (HyperText Transfer Protocol): The underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. @http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/HTTP.html


 * FTP** (File Transfer Protocol): //I think you can probably define this by looking at our course materials and looking it up yourself on the Internet! Focus on its role in setting up a Web site on a Web server.//
 * URL** (Uniform Resource Locator): A standard for dictating the location of files on the internet. @http://www.answers.com/url


 * URI** (Uniform Resource Identifier): The addressing technology for identifying resources on the Internet or on private intranets. URIs were originally defined as two types: Uniform Resource Locators (**URLs**), which are addresses with network locations, and Uniform Resource Names (**URNs**), which are persistent names that are address-independent.@http://www.answers.com/topic/uri


 * XHTML** (eXtensible HTML): A variant of HTML that uses the syntax of XML, the Extensible Markup Language. XHTML has all the same elements (for paragraphs, etc.) as HTML, but the syntax is slightly different. Because XHTML is an XML application, one can use other XML tools with it (such as XSLT, a language for transforming XML content). @http://www.w3.org/standards/webdesign/htmlcss


 * Element**: In HTML, XHTML, and XML, an element is an individual component of a document. For (X)HTML, this means an element is one component on a Web page. All three languages are composed of a tree of elements and other nodes, such as text. Each element can have attributes specified. Elements can also have content, including other elements and text. (X)HTML and XML elements represent semantics or meaning. Most elements are written with a start tag and an end tag, with the content in between, e.g. This is the title of the page . @http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_element


 * Attribute**: //?// //Look it up - try @http://www.answers.com/topic/attribute-computing//

//to start!//


 * @**: The "at sign" (or simply "at"), this symbol is used in e-mail addressing to separate the user’s name from the user’s domain name, both of which are necessary in order to transmit e-mails. For example, the e-mail address “webmaster@webopedia.com” indicates that the user named webmaster receives e-mail "at," or "@," the webopedia.com domain.@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/@


 * Server**: A server is a computer system that provides services to other computing systems (called clients) over a network. The term “server” can refer to hardware (as in the case of a Sun computer system) or software (such as an RDBMS server). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)


 * Client/Server**: A network architecture in which each computer or process on the network is either a client or a server. Servers are powerful computers or processes dedicated to managing disk drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network servers ). Clients are PCs or workstations on which users run applications. Clients rely on servers for resources such as files, devices, and even processing power. @http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client/server


 * Protocol**: In computing, a protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between two computing endpoints. In its simplest form, a protocol can be defined as the rules governing the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of the two. At the lowest level, a protocol defines the behavior of a hardware connection. @http://www.answers.com/topic/protocol-computing


 * Cloud**: //? Another one for you to look up...//